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clay industry

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1 clay industry

n

C&G industria del barro f

English-Spanish technical dictionary > clay industry
2 clay

n

GEN arcilla f, barro m
clay-based mud
clay-based sludge
clay brick
clay composition
clay content
clay crucible
clay cutter
clay dust
clay with flints
clay flowage
clay gouge
clay industry
clay kneader
clay-kneading machine
clay loam
clay marl
clay mass
clay mill
clay mineral
clay mining
clay mixer
clay-mixing machine
clay mortar
clay parting
clay pipe
clay pit
clay-plate press
clay powder
clay press
clay roller
clay silt
clay slip
clay soil
clay suspension
clay tamping
clay wetting
clay worker
clay-working machine

English-Spanish technical dictionary > clay
3 Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing

эк., стат., амер. производство керамических и огнеупорных изделий* (по NAICS 2002: отраслевая группа, в которую включены организации, занимающиеся производством керамики, стекла, керамической сантехники, посуды, фарфора, кирпичей, керамической плитки, огнеупорных материалов, керамических труб и др.)

See:

North American Industry Classification System, Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing

Англо-русский экономический словарь > Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing
4 model

1. noun
1) Modell, das

2) (perfect example) Muster, das (of an + Dat.); (to be imitated) Vorbild, das

be a model of industry — ein Muster an Fleiß (Dat.) sein

on the model of something — nach dem Vorbild einer Sache (Gen.)

3) (Art) Modell, das; (Fashion) Model, das; Mannequin, das; (male) Dressman, der

photographer's model — Fotomodell, das
2. adjective
1) (exemplary) vorbildlich; Muster- (oft iron.)

2) (miniature) Modell[stadt, -eisenbahn, -flugzeug]
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) modellieren; formen

model something in clay — etwas in Ton modellieren

model something after or [up]on something — etwas einer Sache (Dat.) nachbilden

2) (Fashion) vorführen [Kleid, Entwurf usw.]
4. intransitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) (Fashion) als Mannequin od. Model arbeiten; [Mann:] als Dressman arbeiten; (Photog.) als [Foto]modell arbeiten; (Art) Modell stehen/sitzen

2)

model in clay — etc. in Ton usw. modellieren

* * *
['modl] 1. noun
1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; ( also adjective) a model aeroplane.) das Modell, Modell-...

2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) das Modell

3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) das Modell

4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) das Modell

5) (something that can be used to copy from.) das Muster

6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; ( also adjective) model behaviour.) das Vorbild, vorbildlich
2. verb
1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) Kleider, etc. vorführen

2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) Modell stehen

3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) modellieren

4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) formen, sich zum Vorbild nehmen

•

- academic.ru/47499/modelling">modelling

* * *

mod·el

[ˈmɒd^əl, AM ˈmɑ:d-]

I. n

1. (representation) Modell nt; COMPUT [schematische] Darstellung, Nachbildung f, Simulation f

a clay/wax \model ein Ton-/Wachsmodell nt

computer \model Computerdarstellung f, Computersimulation f

economic \model ECON [EDV-]Modell nt zur Wirtschaftsprognose

a mathematical/statistical \model ein mathematisches/statistisches Modell

pricing \model ECON Preismodell nt

2. (example) Modell nt, Vorbild nt

on the \model of sth nach dem Vorbild einer S. gen

3. (perfect example) Muster nt

a \model of fairness/self-control ein Muster an Fairness/Selbstbeherrschung

to be the very \model of sth ( fig) der Inbegriff von etw dat sein

4. (mannequin) Model nt, Mannequin nt

male \model Dressman m

photographic \model Fotomodell nt

5. (for painter) Modell nt

nude \model Aktmodell nt

to work as a painter's \model einem Maler Modell stehen

6. (clothing creation) Modell nt

a Dior \model ein Modellkleid von Dior

7. (version) Modell nt

II. n modifier

1. (aircraft, car, train) Modell-

2. (exemplary) (husband, wife, student, teacher) Muster-

III. vt

<- ll->

1. (make figure)

▪ to \model sth etw modellieren [o nachbilden]

to \model clay/wax Ton/Wachs modellieren

to \model sth in clay etw in Ton nachbilden

2. (on computer)

▪ to \model sth etw [schematisch] darstellen, nachbilden, simulieren

3. (show clothes)

▪ to \model sth etw vorführen

4. (make model)

▪ to \model sth ein Modell von etw dat erstellen

* * *
['mɒdl]
1. n

1) Modell nt

to make sth on the model of sth — etw (acc) einer Sache (dat) nachbilden

it is built on the model of the Doge's Palace — es ist eine Nachbildung des Dogenpalastes

our democracy is based on the model of Greece — unsere Demokratie ist nach dem Vorbild Griechenlands aufgebaut

2) (= perfect example) Muster nt (of an +dat)

this book is a model of objectivity — dieses Buch ist ein Muster an Objektivität

to hold sb up as a model — jdn als Vorbild hinstellen

3) (artist's, photographer's) Modell nt; (= fashion model) Mannequin nt; (= male model) Dressman m

4) (of car, dress, machine etc) Modell nt

2. adj

1) Modell-

or railroad (US) — Modelleisenbahn f

model house — Puppenhaus nt

2) (= perfect) vorbildlich, mustergültig

model pupil — Musterschüler(in) m(f)

3. vt

1)

to model X on Y — Y als Vorlage or Muster für X benutzen

on Y — Y dient als Vorlage or Muster für X

on the Parthenon — dieses Gebäude ist dem Parthenon nachgebildet

on the American one —

this poem is modelled (Brit) or modeled (US) on Shakespeare's sonnets — dieses Gedicht ist Shakespeares Sonetten nachempfunden

on anything — es ist frei entstanden, dafür gibt es keine Vorlage

to model oneself/one's life on sb — sich (dat) jdn zum Vorbild nehmen

2) (= make a model) modellieren, formen

her finely modelled (Brit) or modeled features ( US fig ) —, fig ) ihre fein geschnittenen Gesichtszüge

3) dress etc vorführen

4. vi

1) (= make models) modellieren

2) (ART, PHOT) als Modell arbeiten or beschäftigt sein; (FASHION) als Mannequin/Dressman arbeiten

to model for sb (Art, Phot) — jdm Modell stehen; (Fashion) jds Kreationen vorführen

* * *

model [ˈmɒdl; US ˈmɑdl]

A s

1. Muster n, Vorbild n ( beide:

for für):

after ( oder on) the model of nach dem Muster von (od gen);

he is a model of self-control er ist ein Muster an Selbstbeherrschung;

take sb as a model sich jemanden zum Vorbild nehmen

2. (fig Denk)Modell n, Nachbildung f

3. Muster n, Vorlage f

4. MAL etc Modell n:

act as a model to a painter einem Maler Modell stehen oder sitzen

5. Mode: Model n:

a) Mannequin n

b) Dressman m

6. Modellkleid n

7. TECH

a) Bau(weise) m(f)

b) (Bau)Muster n, Modell n, Typ(e) m(f)

8. Urbild n, -typ m

9. dial Ebenbild n

B adj

1. vorbildlich, musterhaft, Muster…:

model farm landwirtschaftlicher Musterbetrieb;

model husband Mustergatte m;

model marriage Musterehe f;

model plant Musterbetrieb m

2. Modell…:

model airplane;

model house;

model builder Modellbauer(in);

model construction unit Modellbaukasten m;

model dress → A 6;

model school Muster-, Experimentierschule f

C v/t prät und pperf -eled, besonders Br -elled

1. nach Modell formen oder herstellen

2. modellieren, nachbilden

3. Form geben (dat)

4. abformen

5. Mode: Kleider etc vorführen

6. fig formen, bilden, gestalten ( alle:

after, on, upon nach [dem Vorbild gen]):

model o.s. on sich jemanden zum Vorbild nehmen

D v/i

1. ein Modell oder Modelle herstellen

2. KUNST modellieren

3. plastische Gestalt annehmen (Grafik)

4. Modell stehen oder sitzen ( for dat)

5. modeln, als Model oder Mannequin oder Dressman arbeiten

* * *
1. noun
1) Modell, das

2) (perfect example) Muster, das (of an + Dat.); (to be imitated) Vorbild, das

be a model of industry — ein Muster an Fleiß (Dat.) sein

on the model of something — nach dem Vorbild einer Sache (Gen.)

3) (Art) Modell, das; (Fashion) Model, das; Mannequin, das; (male) Dressman, der

photographer's model — Fotomodell, das
2. adjective
1) (exemplary) vorbildlich; Muster- (oft iron.)

2) (miniature) Modell[stadt, -eisenbahn, -flugzeug]
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) modellieren; formen

model something in clay — etwas in Ton modellieren

model something after or [up]on something — etwas einer Sache (Dat.) nachbilden

2) (Fashion) vorführen [Kleid, Entwurf usw.]
4. intransitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) (Fashion) als Mannequin od. Model arbeiten; [Mann:] als Dressman arbeiten; (Photog.) als [Foto]modell arbeiten; (Art) Modell stehen/sitzen

2)

model in clay — etc. in Ton usw. modellieren

* * *

n.

Ausführung f.

Leitbild -er n.

Mannequin n.

Model -s n.

Modell -e n.

Muster - n.

Typ -en m. v.

modellieren v.

English-german dictionary > model
5 plastic

ˈplæstɪk
1. прил.
1) пластический а) (связанный с ваянием, пластикой, созданием форм и т. п.) plastic art ≈ скульптура, лепка, ваяние plastic artist ≈ скульптор, ваятель plastic modelling ≈ создание пластических моделей (в моде и т. п.) б) тех. (пластичный;
тж. в выражениях plastic deformation, plastic flow) plastic deformation, plastic flow ≈ пластическая деформация plastic material ≈ пластмасса plastic foam ≈ пенопласт в) хир. (восстанавливающий ткани) plastic surgery ≈ пластическая, восстанавливающая хирургия plastic surgeon ≈ пластический хирург
2) творческий, созидающий, креативный plastic force of nature ≈ жизнетворящая сила природы lively plastic imagination ≈ живая фантазия Syn: formative, creative
3) а) гибкий, пластичный, послушный( о материале и т. п.) plastic clay ≈ суглинок;
лепкая, горшечная глина б) мягкий, податливый;
уступчивый( о характере, человеке и т. п.) a man of plastic nature ≈ уступчивый по своей природе человек mind ≈ восприимчивый, впечатлительный ум Syn: pliable в) биол. живучий, адаптирующийся (под что-л., какие-л. условия организм и т. п.) ecologically plastic animals ≈ экологически выносливые животные
4) скульптурный;
лепной, изваянный, высеченный из камня;
литой( из бронзы и т. п.) plastic merit ≈ скульптурные достоинства plastic images ≈ скульптурные образы Syn: modelled, moulded, sculptural
5) а) пластмассовый;
пластиковый, сделанный из пластика;
синтетический plastic bag ≈ пластиковый, полиэтиленовый пакет plastic clothes ≈ одежда из синтетики plastic explosive, plastic bomb ≈ пластиковая бомба plastic bullet ≈ виниловый снаряд( применяется полицией для подавления массовых беспорядков) plastic money ≈ кредитка, пластиковая карточка б) перен. искусственный, надуманный;
фальшивый;
поверхностный a totally plastic character, play ≈ насквозь фальшивый персонаж, игра plastic smiles ≈ фальшивые, натянутые улыбки Syn: phony, artificial, superficial, insincere
2. сущ.
1) часто мн. пластик;
пластмасса, винил the plastics industry ≈ промышленность по производству различных полимеров laminated plastic ≈ слоистый пластик expanded plastic, foamed plastic ≈ пенопласт
2) а) пластиковая взрывчатка( сокр. от plastic explosive) б) пластиковая кредитка, кредитная карточка( сокр. от plastic card) пластик;
пластмасса - foam * пенопласт - laminated * слоистый пластик - vinyl * винилит, виниловый пластик - the *s industry промышленность по производству пластических масс (the *) пластика (финансовое) (жаргон) кредитная карточка, банковская карточка пластичный;
поддающийся лепке, формовке - * clay пластичная /горшечная/ глина, суглинок - * material /substance/ пластичный материал послушный, податливый - * nature податливая натура - * mind гибкий /восприимчивый/ ум (техническое) пластичный, пластический - * material пластмасса - * flow /deformation/ пластическая деформация придающий форму, формообразующий - * forces in nature силы природы, постоянно изменяющие лицо планеты лепной, скульптурный - * images скульптурные изображения /портреты/ пластический - * art(s) искусство ваяния, пластическое искусство;
скульптура - a great * artist великий ваятель - * means( искусство) пластические средства (медицина) пластический, восстановительный - * surgery восстановительная /пластическая/ хирургия пластмассовый;
сделанный из пластика;
пластиковый - * tablecloth полиэтиленовая скатерть - * cup пластмассовая чашка синтетический, искусственный - * food искусственные /синтетические/ пищевые продукты поддельный;
деланный, неискренний;
ненатуральный, неестественный - * living жизнь, основанная на лжи foam ~ пенопласт plastic лепной;
скульптурный ~ пластический;
plastic art скульптура;
искусство ваяния ~ пластичность ~ пластичный, гибкий ~ (обыкн. pl) пластмасса ~ послушный, податливый ~ пластический;
plastic art скульптура;
искусство ваяния ~ clay глина для лепки, горшечная глина;
plastic material пластмасса ~ clay суглинок ~ surgery пластическая (или восстановительная) хирургия;
plastic flow тех. пластическая деформация ~ clay глина для лепки, горшечная глина;
plastic material пластмасса ~ surgery пластическая (или восстановительная) хирургия;
plastic flow тех. пластическая деформация

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > plastic
6 pottery

1. n гончарня, гончарная мастерская

pottery clay — гончарная глина

pottery ware — гончарное изделие

ovenware pottery — гончарные изделия

pottery kiln — печь для обжига гончарных изделий

patterns for pottery — образцы для гончарного производства

2. n гончарное дело

pottery industry — керамическое производство

3. n керамика, гончарные изделия

a piece of pottery — керамическое изделие

pottery work — керамические изделия

art pottery — художественная керамика

Синонимический ряд:

1. ceramics (noun) ceramics; crockery; earthenware; porcelain; stoneware

2. made of clay (noun) adobe; argillaceous; clay; clayware; earthen; made of clay; mud; terra cotta

English-Russian base dictionary > pottery
7 model

'modl 1. noun
1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; ( also adjective) a model aeroplane.) modell

2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) modell

3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) mannekeng, (foto)modell

4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) modell

5) (something that can be used to copy from.) mønster

6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; ( also adjective) model behaviour.) forbilde
2. verb
1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) vise klær (som mannekeng)

2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) stå modell

3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) lage modeller, forme

4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) modellere, forme (etter)

•

- modelling

modell
--------
modellere
--------
modellering
--------
mønster

I
subst. \/ˈmɒdl\/

1) modell, fotomodell, mannekeng, utstillingsfigur, voksdukke

• sports model

fotomodell for sport

2) mønster, eksempel til etterfølgelse, forbilde, mønster-, modell-

• a model of an industry

en mønsterbedrift

3) ( hverdagslig) bilde, avbilde

• he is a perfect model of his father

han er sin far opp av dage

4) ( om gjenstand i forminsket utgave) modell

• he had a model of the London Bridge on his mantle

han hadde en modell av London Bridge på peishyllen sin

5) ( om design) modell, type

• last year's model

fjorårets modell

model of bilde på

• he is a model of industry

han er et bilde på flid

make somebody one's model eller take somebody for one's model gjøre noen til sitt forbilde

on the model of etter mønster av

sit\/pose as a model sitte\/stå modell
II
verb \/ˈmɒdl\/

1) modellere, forme

• she has delicately modelled features

hun har pent formede trekk

2) planlegge, anlegge, innrette

• model a park

• model a household

3) ( overført) forme, utforme

4) vise (frem) (som mannekeng)

• model dresses

vise frem kjoler

5) stå modell, være mannekeng

• she's modelling clothes for an agency

hun er mannekeng for et modellbyrå

model oneself after\/on\/upon somebody forsøke å etterligne noen, forsøke å ta etter noen

model somebody after\/on\/upon (ut)forme noe etter, med... som forbilde

• I modelled my book on his

jeg brukte boken hans som mønster for min

English-Norwegian dictionary > model
8 plant

1) установка; оборудование

2) агрегат; механизм; энергоблок

3) завод, фабрика, мастерская

4) электростанция

5) озеленять, сажать

•

plant and machinery register — реестр машин и оборудования (напр. строительной компании)

plant for technical ceramics and verified ceramics — установка для производства технической керамики и металлокерамики

plant for the preparation and transport of mastic asphalt — установка для подготовки и транспортировки литого асфальта

plant for the production of concrete polymer construction elements — установка для изготовления элементов из полимерного бетона

to reconstruct a plant — реконструировать завод

- accumulator plant
- activated sludge plant - aggregate batching plant - air-conditioning plant - air-supply plant - arc welding plant - asphalt plant - asphalt-mixing plant - asphalt preparation plant - asphalt-recycling plant - assembling plant - atomic power plant - automated concrete-mixing plant - automatic plant - batch plant - batch concrete mixing plant - batching plant - batch-weighing plant - biological treatment plant - bitumastic macadam mixing plant - bitumen-melting plant - bitumen-pumping plant - boiler plant - brick plant - facing brick plant - roof tile plant - brick-making plant - builder's plant - calcining plant - cement plant - central boiler plant - central mixing plant - chlorination plant - clarification plant - clay-drying plant - clay souring plant - coal grinding plant - coating plant - combined milling and burning plant - combined photovolcanic-deolian electric plant - compressor plant - concrete-mixing plant - concreting plant - construction plant - contractor's plant - crushing plant - crushing and screening plant - curing plants for the concrete block and precast concrete part industry - cutting plant - degreasing plant - desalination plant - diesel-engine power plant - disinfection plant - district heating plant - drying plant - earth freezing plant - earth-moving plant - effluent treatment plant - electric power plant - expanded clay plant - filter plant - final-screening plant - finish coat stacking and dry mixing mortar plant - fixed plant - flash-calcining plant - floating pile-driving plant - flotation plant - fuel-burning power plant - garbage-disposal plant - gas-fired plant - gravel plant - grinding wheel plant - grit-removal plant - heating plant - high head plant - hoisting plant - hydroelectric power plant - industrial plant - iron removal plant - light plant - lime-slaking plant - lime softening plant - loading plant - low head hydroelectric plant - manganese removal plant - milling plant - mixing plant - mixing plant and pavers for hydraulically bound base courses - mobile compressor plant - mobile concrete mixing plant - mobile crushing plant - mobile rock crushing and screening plant - mortar-mixing plant - multiple-arc welding plant - municipal sewage treatment plant - nuclear power plant - orbital power plant - ozone plant - ozone-ventilating plant - piling plant - pilot plant - placing plant - plaster plant - pontoon pile driving plant - portable compressor plant for painting work - power plant - primary treatment plant - proportioning plant - pump plant - pumping plant - pumped storage plant - purification plant - quarry plant - ready-mix plant - refrigerating plant - reverse osmosis plant - sand washing plant - sanitary ware plant - porcelain plant - secondary treatment plant - sedimentation plant - semi-mobile plant - semi-portable plant - sewage disposal plant - sewage pumping plant - sewage purification plant - sewage treatment plant - sintering plant - soil-mixing plant - solar plant - spraying plant - standby plant - steam plant - step-up plant - stoneware plant - tertiary plant - thermal power plant - tidal plant - tile-making plant - timber drying plant - tower-type concrete-mixing plant - transformer welding plant - travel plant - travelling mixing plant - treating plant - treatment plant - utility plant - vacuum-cleaning plant - vibration-rolled concrete plant - wall and floor tiles plant - washing plant - waste water treatment plant - water power plant - water softening plant - water treatment plant
* * *

1.   оборудование инженерных систем здания

2.   строительное оборудование (напр. землеройное, подъёмно-транспортное, для бетонных работ)

3.   установка; агрегат; энергоблок; технологическая установка [система] ( в инженерных системах зданий)

4.   электростанция

5.   завод, фабрика; мастерская
- acetylene producing plant
- activated sludge plant
- aeration plant
- aeration-degassing plant
- aggregate batching plant
- aggregate preparation plant
- air conditioning plant
- air handling plant
- air supply plant
- all-dry cement plant
- all-wet cement plant
- augering plant
- automatic batching plant
- bank-filtered river water plant
- barge-mounted concrete plant
- batch plant
- batch mixing plant
- biological treatment plant
- block-making plant
- block plant
- boiler plant
- booster pumping plant
- builder's plant
- builder's small powered plant
- cement plant
- central plant
- central air conditioning plant
- central air-handling plant
- central boiler plant
- central heating plant
- central refrigerating plant
- chemical feed plant
- chlorination plant
- civil-engineering plant
- coating plant
- cold-storage plant
- compressor plant
- computerized plant
- concentrating plant
- concrete plant
- concrete production plant
- concrete spouting plant
- concreting plant
- construction plant
- contact stabilization plant
- continuous-mix plant
- conveying plant
- cooling plant
- crushing plant
- desalination plant
- desalting plant
- disposal plant
- diversion power plant
- drying plant
- dust arrestor plant
- dust extracting plant
- earth moving plant
- electric plant
- exhaust plant
- extended aeration plant
- filter plant
- filtration plant
- floating concrete plant
- floating pile-driving plant
- flotation plant
- freezing plant
- gas plant
- gas-distribution plant
- gas washing plant
- generating plant
- grading plant
- heat generation plant
- heating plant
- heating water converter plant
- high-pressure air conditioning plant
- hydro-electric plant
- incineration plant
- indoor power plant
- industrial plant
- initial screening and washing plant
- lime softening plant
- low-head power plant
- low-level mixing plant
- low-pressure air conditioning plant
- manufacturing plant
- mechanical plant
- mixing plant
- mix-in-travel plant
- municipal treatment plant
- open-air plant
- open-air water power plant
- ozone plant
- package plant
- petrochemical plant
- piling plant
- placing plant
- power plant
- precast concrete plant
- precast plant
- proportioning plant
- pumping plant
- purification plant
- pyrolysis plant
- ready mixed concrete plant
- refrigerating plant
- refuse incineration plant
- refuse processing plant
- reinforcement cutting and bending plant
- river-run power plant
- river power plant
- road-making plant
- roadstone aggregate plant
- roof top plant
- screening plant
- secondary treatment plant
- sedimentation plant
- semioutdoor-type power plant
- sewage dispersal plant
- site mechanical plant
- sludge digestion plant
- sludge treating plant
- small powered plant
- solar plant
- spouting plant
- steam plant
- steam-power plant
- step-up plant
- structural steel plant
- tertiary plant
- tidal power plant
- transporting plant
- treatment plant
- vacuum dewatering plant
- ventilation plant
- volumetric batch plant
- washing and screening plant
- waste-disposal plant
- waste-heat utilization plant
- water-catchment plant
- water conversion plant
- water purification plant
- water softening plant
- water treatment plant
- weight batch plant
- zeolite water softening plant

Англо-русский строительный словарь > plant
9 bed

bed [bed]

lit ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c), 1 (d) parterre ⇒ 1 (b) couche ⇒ 1 (d)

(pt & pp bedded, cont bedding)

1 noun

(a) (furniture) lit m;

∎ to be in bed (to rest) être couché, être au lit; (through illness) être alité, garder le lit;

∎ he's in bed with the flu il est au lit avec la grippe;

∎ to read in bed lire au lit;

∎ we asked for a room with two beds nous avons demandé une chambre à deux lits;

∎ they sleep in separate beds ils font lit à part;

∎ it's time to go to or time for bed il est l'heure d'aller au lit ou de se coucher;

∎ to get out of bed se lever;

∎ to get into bed se mettre au lit;

∎ familiar figurative to get into bed with sb (form partnership with) travailler en collaboration avec qn^□ ;

∎ did I get you out of bed? est-ce que je vous ai tiré du lit?;

∎ she got or put the children to bed elle a couché les enfants ou mis les enfants au lit;

∎ he took a walk before bed il a fait une promenade avant de se coucher;

∎ to make the bed faire le lit;

∎ they made me up a bed ils m'ont préparé un lit;

∎ she took to her bed with pneumonia elle a dû s'aliter à cause d'une pneumonie;

∎ the doctor recommended complete bed rest le médecin a conseillé l'immobilité totale;

∎ familiar to go to bed with sb coucher avec qn;

∎ familiar he's/she's really great in bed c'est vraiment un bon coup;

∎ humorous I wouldn't kick him out of bed s'il voulait de moi, je ne dirais pas non;

∎ to get out of bed on the wrong side se lever du pied gauche ou du mauvais pied;

∎ proverb you've made your bed, now you must lie in it comme on fait son lit, on se couche;

∎ literary his bed of pain son lit de douleur;

∎ archaic she was brought to bed of twins elle accoucha de jumeaux;

∎ life's not a bed of roses la vie n'est pas toujours une partie de plaisir;

∎ her life isn't exactly a bed of roses sa vie n'est pas vraiment rose;

∎ teaching in a secondary school isn't exactly a bed of roses enseigner dans un lycée n'a rien d'une sinécure;

∎ bed and breakfast (accommodation) chambre f d'hôte ou chez l'habitant;

∎ esp British we stayed in a bed and breakfast nous avons pris une chambre d'hôte;

∎ bed and breakfast (sign) chambres d'hôte;

∎ Stock Exchange bed and breakfasting aller et retour m

(b) (plot → of flowers) parterre m, plate-bande f; (→ of vegetables) planche f; (→ of coral, oysters) banc m

(c) (bottom → of river) lit m; (→ of lake, sea) fond m

(d) (layer → of clay, rock) couche f, lit m; Mineralogy (→ of ore) gisement m; (→ of ashes) lit m; Building industry (→ of mortar) bain m;

∎ bed of nails lit m à clous;

∎ Cookery place the roast on a bed of vegetables placez le rôti sur un lit de légumes

(e) (of machine) base f, bâti m; (of lorry) plateau m; (of printing press) marbre m, plateau m;

∎ British Typography & Press to put a newspaper to bed boucler un journal;

∎ British Typography the magazine has gone to bed la revue est bouclée ou sur le marbre

2 transitive verb

(a) (embed) fixer, enfoncer; Building industry asseoir

(b) Horticulture repiquer

(c) familiar (have sex with) coucher avec

►► bed bath toilette f (d'un malade);

bed board planche f à mettre sous le matelas;

bed frame châlit m;

British bed jacket liseuse f;

bed linen draps mpl de lit (et taies fpl d'oreiller)

➲ bed down

1 intransitive verb

(go to bed) se coucher; (spend the night) coucher

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (children) mettre au lit, coucher; (animal) installer pour la nuit

(b) (embed) fixer, enfoncer; Building industry asseoir

➲ bed out separable transitive verb

repiquer

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > bed
10 work

work [wɜ:k]

travail ⇒ 1 (a)-(e), 1 (g) œuvre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (f) besogne ⇒ 1 (b) emploi ⇒ 1 (c) ouvrage ⇒ 1 (f) recherches ⇒ 1 (g) travailler ⇒ 2A (a)-(e), 3A (b), 3A (c), 3A (e), 3C (a) fonctionner ⇒ 2B (a) marcher ⇒ 2B (a), 2B (b) réussir ⇒ 2B (b) agir ⇒ 2B (c), 2B (d) faire travailler ⇒ 3A (a) faire marcher ⇒ 3B (a) façonner ⇒ 3C (a) mécanisme ⇒ 4 1 (a) travaux ⇒ 4 1 (b) usine ⇒ 4 2 (a)

1 noun

(a) (effort, activity) travail m, œuvre f;

∎ computers take some of the work out of filing les ordinateurs facilitent le classement;

∎ this report needs more work il y a encore du travail à faire sur ce rapport, ce rapport demande plus de travail;

∎ she's done a lot of work for charity elle a beaucoup travaillé pour des associations caritatives;

∎ it will take a lot of work to make a team out of them ça va être un drôle de travail de faire d'eux une équipe;

∎ keep up the good work! continuez comme ça!;

∎ nice or good work! c'est du bon travail!, bravo!;

∎ that's fine work or a fine piece of work c'est du beau travail;

∎ your work has been useful vous avez fait du travail utile;

∎ work on the tunnel is to start in March (existing tunnel) les travaux sur le tunnel doivent commencer en mars; (new tunnel) la construction du tunnel doit commencer en mars;

∎ work in progress Administration travail en cours; Accountancy travaux mpl en cours, inventaire m de production; (sign) travaux en cours;

∎ she put a lot of work into that book elle a beaucoup travaillé sur ce livre;

∎ to make work for sb compliquer la vie à qn;

∎ to start work, to set to work se mettre au travail;

∎ she set or she went to work on the contract elle a commencé à travailler sur le contrat;

∎ he set to work undermining their confidence il a entrepris de saper leur confiance;

∎ I set him to work (on) painting the kitchen je lui ai donné la cuisine à peindre;

∎ they put him to work in the kitchen ils l'ont mis au travail dans la cuisine;

∎ let's get (down) to work! (mettons-nous) au travail!;

∎ proverb all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy beaucoup de travail et peu de loisirs ne réussissent à personne

(b) (duty, task) travail m, besogne f;

∎ I've got loads of work to do j'ai énormément de travail à faire;

∎ she gave us too much work elle nous a donné trop de travail;

∎ he's trying to get some work done il essaie de travailler un peu;

∎ they do their work well ils travaillent bien, ils font du bon travail;

∎ it's hard work c'est du travail, ce n'est pas facile;

∎ it's thirsty work ça donne soif;

∎ to make short or light work of sth expédier qch;

∎ figurative to make short work of sb ne faire qu'une bouchée de qn;

∎ familiar it's nice work if you can get it! c'est une bonne planque, encore faut-il la trouver!

(c) (paid employment) travail m, emploi m;

∎ what (kind of) work do you do? qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie?, quel travail faites-vous?;

∎ I do translation work je suis traducteur, je fais des traductions;

∎ to find work trouver du travail;

∎ to look for work chercher du travail ou un emploi;

∎ to be in work travailler, avoir un emploi;

∎ to be out of work être au chômage ou sans travail ou sans emploi;

∎ he had a week off work (holiday) il a pris une semaine de vacances; (illness) il n'est pas allé au travail pendant une semaine;

∎ to take time off work prendre des congés;

∎ she's off work today elle ne travaille pas aujourd'hui;

∎ to do a full day's work faire une journée entière de travail;

∎ people out of work (gen) les chômeurs mpl; Administration & Economics les inactifs mpl

(d) (place of employment) travail m; Administration lieu m de travail;

∎ I go to work by bus je vais au travail en bus;

∎ I'm late for work je suis en retard pour le travail;

∎ he's a friend from work c'est un collègue;

∎ where is your (place of) work? où travaillez-vous?, quel est votre lieu de travail?;

∎ on her way home from work en rentrant du travail

(e) (papers, material etc being worked on) travail m;

∎ to take work home prendre du travail à la maison;

∎ her work was all over the table son travail était étalé sur la table

(f) (creation, artefact etc) œuvre f; (on smaller scale) ouvrage m; Sewing ouvrage m;

∎ it's all my own work j'ai tout fait moi-même;

∎ it's an interesting piece of work (gen) c'est un travail intéressant; Art, Literature & Music c'est une œuvre intéressante;

∎ very detailed/delicate work (embroidery, carving etc) ouvrage très détaillé/délicat;

∎ these formations are the work of the wind ces formations sont l'œuvre du vent;

∎ the silversmith sells much of his work to hotels l'orfèvre vend une grande partie de ce qu'il fait ou de son travail à des hôtels;

∎ the complete works of Shakespeare les œuvres complètes ou l'œuvre de Shakespeare;

∎ a new work on Portugal un nouvel ouvrage sur le Portugal;

∎ a work of art une œuvre d'art;

∎ works of fiction des ouvrages de fiction

(g) (research) travail m, recherches fpl;

∎ there hasn't been a lot of work done on the subject peu de travail a été fait ou peu de recherches ont été faites sur le sujet

(h) (deed) œuvre f, acte m;

∎ good works bonnes œuvres fpl;

∎ each man will be judged by his works chaque homme sera jugé selon ses œuvres;

∎ charitable works actes mpl de charité, actes mpl charitables;

∎ the murder is the work of a madman le meurtre est l'œuvre d'un fou

(i) (effect) effet m;

∎ wait until the medicine has done its work attendez que le médicament ait agi ou ait produit son effet

(j) Physics travail m

2 intransitive verb

A.

(a) (exert effort on a specific task, activity etc) travailler;

∎ we worked for hours cleaning the house nous avons passé des heures à faire le ménage;

∎ they worked in the garden ils ont fait du jardinage;

∎ we work hard nous travaillons dur;

∎ she's working on a novel just now elle travaille à un roman en ce moment;

∎ a detective is working on this case un détective est sur cette affaire;

∎ he works at or on keeping himself fit il fait de l'exercice pour garder la forme;

∎ we have to work to a deadline nous devons respecter des délais dans notre travail;

∎ we have to work to a budget nous devons travailler avec un certain budget;

∎ I've worked with the handicapped before j'ai déjà travaillé avec les handicapés;

∎ I work with the Spanish on that project je travaille (en collaboration) avec les Espagnols sur ce projet

(b) (be employed) travailler;

∎ he works as a teacher il a un poste d'enseignant;

∎ I work in advertising je travaille dans la publicité;

∎ who do you work for? chez qui est-ce que vous travaillez?;

∎ she works in or for a bank elle travaille dans ou pour une banque;

∎ I work a forty-hour week je travaille quarante heures par semaine, je fais une semaine de quarante heures;

∎ to work for a living travailler pour gagner sa vie;

∎ Industry to work to rule faire la grève du zèle

(c) (strive for a specific goal or aim)

∎ to work for a good cause travailler pour une bonne cause;

∎ they're working for better international relations ils s'efforcent d'améliorer les relations internationales

(d) (study) travailler, étudier;

∎ you're going to have to work if you want to pass the exam il va falloir que tu travailles ou que tu étudies si tu veux avoir ton examen

(e) (use a specified substance) travailler;

∎ this sculptor works in or with copper ce sculpteur travaille avec le cuivre;

∎ she has always worked in or with watercolours elle a toujours travaillé avec de la peinture à l'eau

B.

(a) (function, operate → machine, brain, system) fonctionner, marcher;

∎ the lift doesn't work at night l'ascenseur ne marche pas la nuit;

∎ the lift never works l'ascenseur est toujours en panne;

∎ the radio works off batteries la radio fonctionne avec des piles;

∎ a pump worked by hand une pompe actionnée à la main ou manuellement;

∎ they soon got or had it working ils sont vite parvenus à le faire fonctionner;

∎ she sat still, her brain or her mind working furiously elle était assise immobile, le cerveau en ébullition;

∎ figurative everything worked smoothly tout s'est déroulé comme prévu;

∎ your idea just won't work ton idée ne peut pas marcher;

∎ this relationship isn't working cette relation ne marche pas;

∎ that argument works both ways ce raisonnement est à double tranchant;

∎ how does the law work exactly? comment la loi fonctionne-t-elle exactement?

(b) (produce results, succeed) marcher, réussir;

∎ it worked brilliantly ça a très bien marché;

∎ their scheme didn't work leur complot a échoué;

∎ that/flattery won't work with me ça/la flatterie ne prend pas avec moi

(c) (drug, medicine) agir, produire ou faire son effet

(d) (act) agir;

∎ the acid works as a catalyst l'acide agit comme ou sert de catalyseur;

∎ events have worked against us/in our favour les événements ont agi contre nous/en notre faveur;

∎ I'm working on the assumption that they'll sign the contract je pars du principe qu'ils signeront le contrat

C.

(a) (reach a condition or state gradually)

∎ to work loose se desserrer;

∎ to work free se libérer;

∎ the nail worked through the sole of my shoe le clou est passé à travers la semelle de ma chaussure

(b) (face, mouth) se contracter, se crisper

(c) (ferment) fermenter

3 transitive verb

A.

(a) (worker, employee, horse) faire travailler;

∎ the boss works his staff hard le patron exige beaucoup de travail de ses employés;

∎ you work yourself too hard tu te surmènes;

∎ to work oneself to death se tuer à la tâche;

∎ to work one's fingers to the bone s'user au travail

(b) (pay for with labour or service)

∎ they worked their passage to India ils ont payé leur passage en Inde en travaillant;

∎ I worked my way through college j'ai travaillé pour payer mes études à l'université

(c) (carry on activity in)

∎ he works the southern sales area il travaille pour le service commercial de la région sud;

∎ the pollster worked both sides of the street le sondeur a enquêté des deux côtés de la rue;

∎ figurative the candidate worked the crowd le candidat s'efforçait de soulever l'enthousiasme de la foule;

∎ a real-estate agent who works the phones un agent immobilier qui fait de la prospection par téléphone;

∎ she works the bars (prostitute) elle travaille dans les bars

(d) (achieve, accomplish)

∎ the new policy will work major changes la nouvelle politique opérera ou entraînera des changements importants;

∎ the story worked its magic or its charm on the public l'histoire a enchanté le public;

∎ to work a spell on sb jeter un sort à qn;

∎ to work miracles faire ou accomplir des miracles;

∎ to work wonders faire merveille;

∎ she has worked wonders with the children elle a fait des merveilles avec les enfants

(e) (make use of, exploit → land) travailler, cultiver; (→ mine, quarry) exploiter, faire valoir

B.

(a) (operate) faire marcher, faire fonctionner;

∎ this switch works the furnace ce bouton actionne ou commande la chaudière;

∎ he knows how to work the drill il sait se servir de la perceuse

(b) (manoeuvre)

∎ I worked the handle up and down j'ai remué la poignée de haut en bas;

∎ to work one's hands free parvenir à dégager ses mains;

∎ she worked the ropes loose elle a réussi à desserrer les cordes petit à petit

(c) (by slow progression)

∎ I worked my way along the ledge j'ai longé la saillie avec précaution;

∎ he worked his way down/up the cliff il a descendu/monté la falaise lentement;

∎ the beggar worked his way towards us le mendiant s'est approché de nous;

∎ they worked their way through the list ils ont traité chaque élément de la liste tour à tour;

∎ he's worked his way through the whole grant il a épuisé toute la subvention;

∎ a band of rain working its way across the country un front de pluie qui traverse le pays;

∎ they have worked themselves into a corner ils se sont mis dans une impasse

(d) familiar (contrive) s'arranger;

∎ she managed to work a few days off elle s'est arrangée ou s'est débrouillée pour avoir quelques jours de congé;

∎ I worked it or worked things so that she's never alone j'ai fait en sorte qu'elle ou je me suis arrangé pour qu'elle ne soit jamais seule

C.

(a) (shape → leather, metal, stone) travailler, façonner; (→ clay, dough) travailler, pétrir; (→ object, sculpture) façonner; Sewing (design, initials) broder;

∎ she worked the silver into earrings elle a travaillé l'argent pour en faire des boucles d'oreilles;

∎ she worked a figure out of the wood elle a sculpté une silhouette dans le bois;

∎ the flowers are worked in silk les fleurs sont brodées en soie;

∎ work the putty into the right consistency travaillez le mastic pour lui donner la consistance voulue

(b) (rub)

∎ gently work the cream into your hands massez-vous les mains pour faire pénétrer la crème;

∎ work the dye into the surface of the leather faites pénétrer la teinture dans le cuir

(c) (excite, provoke)

∎ the orator worked the audience into a frenzy l'orateur a enflammé ou a galvanisé le public;

∎ she worked herself into a rage elle s'est mise dans une colère noire

4 works

1 plural noun

(a) (mechanism) mécanisme m, rouages mpl; (of clock) mouvement m;

∎ familiar to foul up or to gum up the works tout foutre en l'air

(b) Building industry travaux mpl; (installation) installations fpl;

∎ road works travaux mpl; (sign) travaux;

∎ Minister/Ministry of Works ministre m/ministère m des Travaux publics

2 noun

(a) Industry (factory) usine f;

∎ a printing works une imprimerie;

∎ a gas works une usine à gaz;

∎ price ex works prix m sortie usine

(b) familiar (everything)

∎ the (whole) works tout le bataclan ou le tralala;

∎ they had eggs, bacon, toast, the works ils mangeaient des œufs, du bacon, du pain grillé, tout, quoi!;

∎ American to shoot the works jouer le grand jeu;

∎ American we shot the works on the project nous avons mis le paquet sur le projet;

∎ to give sb the works (special treatment) dérouler le tapis rouge pour qn; (beating) passer qn à tabac

5 at work

1 adjective

(a) (person)

∎ to be at work on sth/(on) doing sth travailler (à) qch/à faire qch;

∎ he's at work on a new book il travaille à un nouveau livre;

∎ they're hard at work painting the house ils sont en plein travail, ils repeignent la maison

(b) (having an effect)

∎ there are several factors at work here il y a plusieurs facteurs qui entrent en jeu ou qui jouent ici;

∎ there are evil forces at work des forces mauvaises sont en action

2 adverb

(at place of work)

∎ she's at work (gen) elle est au travail; (office) elle est au bureau; (factory) elle est à l'usine;

∎ I'll phone you at work je t'appellerai au travail;

∎ we met at work on s'est connus au travail

►► work area (in school, home) coin m de travail; Computing zone f de travail;

works band fanfare m (d'une entreprise);

work camp (prison) camp m de travail; (voluntary) chantier m de travail;

American work coat blouse f;

works committee, works council comité m d'entreprise;

work ethic = exaltation des valeurs liées au travail;

work experience stage m (en entreprise);

∎ the course includes two months' work experience le programme comprend un stage en entreprise de deux mois;

American work farm = camp de travail forcé où les détenus travaillent la terre;

Computing work file fichier m de travail;

work flow déroulement m des opérations;

work group groupe m de travail;

works manager directeur(trice) m,f d'usine;

work party (of soldiers) escouade f; (of prisoners) groupe m de travail;

work permit permis m de travail;

Computing work sheet feuille f de travail;

work space (at home) coin-travail m; (in office) & Computing espace m de travail;

∎ I need more work space j'ai besoin de plus d'espace pour travailler;

work surface surface f de travail;

American work week semaine f de travail

➲ work away intransitive verb

travailler;

∎ while he worked away at fixing the furnace tandis qu'il travaillait à réparer la chaudière;

∎ we worked away all evening nous avons passé la soirée à travailler

➲ work down intransitive verb

glisser;

∎ her socks had worked down around her ankles ses chaussettes étaient tombées sur ses chevilles

➲ work in separable transitive verb

(a) (incorporate) incorporer;

∎ work the ointment in thoroughly faites bien pénétrer la pommade;

∎ Cookery work the butter into the flour incorporez le beurre à la farine

(b) (insert) faire entrer ou introduire petit à petit;

∎ he worked in a few sly remarks about the boss il a réussi à glisser quelques réflexions sournoises sur le patron;

∎ I'll try and work the translation in some time this week (into schedule) j'essayerai de (trouver le temps de) faire la traduction dans le courant de la semaine

➲ work off separable transitive verb

(a) (dispose of → fat, weight) se débarrasser de, éliminer; (→ anxiety, frustration) passer, assouvir;

∎ I worked off my excess energy chopping wood j'ai dépensé mon trop-plein d'énergie en cassant du bois;

∎ he worked off his tensions by running il s'est défoulé en faisant du jogging;

∎ to work off one's anger on sb passer sa colère sur qn

(b) (debt, obligation)

∎ it took him three months to work off his debt il a dû travailler trois mois pour rembourser son emprunt

➲ work on

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (person) essayer de convaincre;

∎ we've been working on him but he still won't go nous avons essayé de le persuader mais il ne veut toujours pas y aller;

∎ I'll work on her je vais m'occuper d'elle

(b) (task, problem)

∎ the police are working on who stole the jewels la police s'efforce de retrouver celui qui a volé les bijoux;

∎ he's been working on his breaststroke/emotional problems il a travaillé sa brasse/essayé de résoudre ses problèmes sentimentaux;

∎ have you got any ideas? - I'm working on it as-tu des idées? - je cherche

(c) (use as basis)

∎ have you any data to work on? avez-vous des données sur lesquelles vous fonder?

2 intransitive verb

(continue to work) continuer à travailler

➲ work out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (discharge fully) acquitter en travaillant;

∎ to work out one's notice faire son préavis

(b) (calculate → cost, distance, sum) calculer; (→ answer, total) trouver;

∎ I work it out at £22 d'après mes calculs, ça fait 22 livres

(c) (solve → calculation, problem) résoudre; (→ puzzle) faire, résoudre; (→ code) déchiffrer;

∎ have they worked out their differences? est-ce qu'ils ont réglé ou résolu leurs différends?;

∎ I'm sure we can work this thing out (your problem) je suis sûr que nous pouvons arranger ça; (our argument) je suis sûr que nous finirons par nous mettre d'accord;

∎ things will work themselves out les choses s'arrangeront toutes seules ou d'elles-mêmes

(d) (formulate → idea, plan) élaborer, combiner; (→ agreement, details) mettre au point;

∎ to work out a solution trouver une solution;

∎ have you worked out yet when it's due to start? est-ce que tu sais quand ça doit commencer?;

∎ she had it all worked out elle avait tout planifié;

∎ we worked out an easier route nous avons trouvé un itinéraire plus facile

(e) (figure out) arriver à comprendre;

∎ I finally worked out why he was acting so strangely j'ai enfin découvert ou compris pourquoi il se comportait si bizarrement;

∎ the dog had worked out how to open the door le chien avait compris comment ouvrir la porte;

∎ I can't work her out je n'arrive pas à la comprendre;

∎ I can't work their relationship out leurs rapports me dépassent

(f) (mine, well) épuiser

2 intransitive verb

(a) (happen) se passer;

∎ it depends on how things work out ça dépend de la façon dont les choses se passent;

∎ the trip worked out as planned le voyage s'est déroulé comme prévu;

∎ I wonder how it will all work out je me demande comment tout cela va s'arranger;

∎ it all worked out for the best tout a fini par s'arranger pour le mieux;

∎ but it didn't work out that way mais il en a été tout autrement;

∎ it worked out badly for them les choses ont mal tourné pour eux

(b) (have a good result → job, plan) réussir; (→ problem, puzzle) se résoudre;

∎ she worked out fine as personnel director elle s'est bien débrouillée comme directeur du personnel;

∎ are things working out for you OK? est-ce que ça se passe bien pour toi?;

∎ did the new job work out? ça a marché pour le nouveau boulot?;

∎ it didn't work out between them les choses ont plutôt mal tourné entre eux;

∎ their project didn't work out leur projet est tombé à l'eau

(c) (amount to)

∎ how much does it all work out at? ça fait combien en tout?;

∎ the average price for an apartment works out to or at $5,000 per square metre le prix moyen d'un appartement s'élève ou revient à 5000 dollars le mètre carré;

∎ that works out at three hours a week ça fait trois heures par semaine;

∎ electric heating works out expensive le chauffage électrique revient cher

(d) (exercise) faire de l'exercice; (professional athlete) s'entraîner

➲ work over separable transitive verb

(a) American (revise) revoir, réviser

(b) familiar (beat up) tabasser, passer à tabac

➲ work round

1 intransitive verb

(a) (turn) tourner;

∎ the wind worked round to the north le vent a tourné au nord petit à petit

(b) figurative (in conversation)

∎ he finally worked round to the subject of housing il a fini par aborder le sujet du logement;

∎ what's she working round to? où veut-elle en venir?

2 separable transitive verb

∎ (bring round) I worked the conversation round to my salary j'ai amené la conversation sur la question de mon salaire

➲ work through

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (insert) faire passer à travers

(b) (progress through)

∎ we worked our way through the crowd nous nous sommes frayé un chemin à travers la foule;

∎ he worked his way through the book il a lu le livre du début à la fin;

∎ figurative I worked the problem through j'ai étudié le problème sous tous ses aspects

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (continue to work)

∎ she worked through lunch elle a travaillé pendant l'heure du déjeuner

(b) (resolve)

∎ he worked through his emotional problems il a réussi à assumer ses problèmes affectifs

➲ work up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (stir up, rouse) exciter, provoquer;

∎ he worked up the crowd il a excité la foule;

∎ he worked the crowd up into a frenzy il a rendu la foule frénétique;

∎ he works himself up or he gets himself worked up over nothing il s'énerve pour rien;

∎ she had worked herself up into a dreadful rage elle s'était mise dans une rage terrible

(b) (develop) développer;

∎ I want to work these ideas up into an article je veux développer ces idées pour en faire un article;

∎ to work up an appetite se mettre en appétit;

∎ we worked up a sweat/a thirst playing tennis jouer au tennis nous a donné chaud/soif;

∎ I can't work up any enthusiasm for this work je n'arrive pas à avoir le moindre enthousiasme pour ce travail;

∎ he tried to work up an interest in the cause il a essayé de s'intéresser à la cause

(c) (idiom)

∎ to work one's way up faire son chemin;

∎ she worked her way up from secretary to managing director elle a commencé comme secrétaire et elle a fait son chemin jusqu'au poste de P-DG;

∎ I worked my way up from nothing je suis parti de rien

2 intransitive verb

(a) (clothing) remonter

(b) (build up)

∎ the film was working up to a climax le film approchait de son point culminant;

∎ things were working up to a crisis une crise se préparait, on était au bord d'une crise;

∎ she's working up to what she wanted to ask elle en vient à ce qu'elle voulait demander;

∎ what are you working up to? où veux-tu en venir?

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > work
11 roll

• oppilasluettelo

• oppilasmäärä

textile industry

• pakka

• rullata

• rulla

• tukku

• nyytti

• nimiluettelo

• nivaska

• nippu

• nimikirja

• jyrähdys

• jyrätä

• jyrinä

• jyristä

• jäljempänä

technology

• jyrä

• jylistä

• hollanterin terätukki

• vierähtää

• vierittää

• vieritse

• vieriä

• vieriskellä

• sisäänheitto

automatic data processing

• sisäänheitto (ATK)

• sisäänheitto(tietotekn)

• aaltoilla

• vaappua

• valssi

• valssata

• vyöryä

• vyöryttää

• puola

• pyöriä

• pyöriminen

• pärisyttää

• päristä

• pyörittää

• pyöriä (vieriä)

• pyörähdellä

• pärinä

• päristellä

• rekisteri

• tela

• kaulita

• kaulia

• kieriä

• kierittää

• keinua

• kieriskellä

• kieritellä

• kiertää

• kierähdys

• keinuttaa

• kela

• keinunta

• kierähtää

• kiiriä

• kaaviloida

• möyrytä

• piehtaroida

• pauhata

• pauhina

• saksansämpylä

• matrikkeli

technology

• sylinteri

• sämpylä

• ääntää täryäänteenä

• kuperkeikka

• käämi

• kääryle

• kääriä

• käärö

• kääretorttu

• pitko

• pinkka

• luettelo

* * *
I 1. rəul noun
1) (anything flat (eg a piece of paper, a carpet) rolled into the shape of a tube, wound round a tube etc: a roll of kitchen foil; a toilet-roll.) rulla

2) (a small piece of baked bread dough, used eg for sandwiches: a cheese roll.) sämpylä

3) (an act of rolling: Our dog loves a roll on the grass.) kierintä

4) (a ship's action of rocking from side to side: She said that the roll of the ship made her feel ill.) keinahtelu

5) (a long low sound: the roll of thunder.) jyrinä

6) (a thick mass of flesh: I'd like to get rid of these rolls of fat round my waist.) makkarat

7) (a series of quick beats (on a drum).) pärinä
2. verb
1) (to move by turning over like a wheel or ball: The coin/pencil rolled under the table; He rolled the ball towards the puppy; The ball rolled away.)

2) (to move on wheels, rollers etc: The children rolled the cart up the hill, then let it roll back down again.)

3) (to form (a piece of paper, a carpet) into the shape of a tube by winding: to roll the carpet back.)

4) ((of a person or animal in a lying position) to turn over: The doctor rolled the patient (over) on to his side; The dog rolled on to its back.)

5) (to shape (clay etc) into a ball or cylinder by turning it about between the hands: He rolled the clay into a ball.)

6) (to cover with something by rolling: When the little girl's dress caught fire, they rolled her in a blanket.)

7) (to make (something) flat or flatter by rolling something heavy over it: to roll a lawn; to roll pastry (out).)

8) ((of a ship) to rock from side to side while travelling forwards: The storm made the ship roll.)

9) (to make a series of low sounds: The thunder rolled; The drums rolled.)

10) (to move (one's eyes) round in a circle to express fear, surprise etc.)

11) (to travel in a car etc: We were rolling along merrily when a tyre burst.)

12) ((of waves, rivers etc) to move gently and steadily: The waves rolled in to the shore.)

13) ((of time) to pass: Months rolled by.)

•

- roller
- rolling
- roller-skate 3. verb
(to move on roller-skates: You shouldn't roller-skate on the pavement.) luistella rullaluistimilla

- rolling-pin
- roll in
- roll up II
(a list of names, eg of pupils in a school etc: There are nine hundred pupils on the roll.) lista

- roll-call

English-Finnish dictionary > roll
12 ♦ work

♦ work /wɜ:k/
n.

1 [u] lavoro ( anche econ.); opera ( anche letteraria, ecc.); attività: DIALOGO → - Signing on with an agency- What sort of work are you looking for?, che genere di lavoro sta cercando?; Can you do this work alone?, puoi fare questo lavoro da solo?; a day's work, il lavoro d'una giornata; DIALOGO → - Computer problems- I've lost all this morning's work, ho perso tutto il lavoro di stamattina; to find (o to get) work, trovar lavoro; trovare da lavorare; A teacher does his work mainly at school, l'insegnante svolge la sua attività soprattutto a scuola; to go to work, andare al lavoro: I go to work by bus, vado al lavoro in autobus; My father is at work now, mio padre è al lavoro; ( USA) to be in work, essere in lavorazione; DIALOGO → - Dental fees- Are you in work?, ha un impiego?; to be looking for work, essere in cerca di lavoro; to be out of work, essere disoccupato; to finish work at 2 p.m., smettere di lavorare alle 14; to start work, cominciare a lavorare; to leave work early, uscire prima dal lavoro; to return to work, riprendere il lavoro; a piece of work, un lavoro; un oggetto lavorato: What a wonderful piece of work!, che magnifico lavoro!; to go (o to set) about one's work, mettersi a lavorare; intraprendere il proprio lavoro; to set sb. to work, mettere q. al lavoro; far lavorare q.; dirty work, lavoro pesante; ( anche) attività illegale; hard work, duro lavoro; seasonal work, lavoro stagionale

2 ( arte, letter., mus., ecc.) opera ( anche in senso morale): a fine work of art, una bella opera d'arte; Shakespeare's complete (o collected) works, le opere complete di Shakespeare; works of mercy, opere di bene; atti di carità

3 (pl.) (di solito col verbo al sing.) fabbrica; officina; opificio; stabilimento: The biggest works is outside the town, lo stabilimento più grande è fuori della città; a gas works, un'officina del gas

4 (pl.) meccanismo; ingranaggio; congegno; movimento: The works need to be repaired, bisogna riparare il congegno; the works of a clock ( of a watch), il movimento di un orologio

5 (pl.) opere, lavori (d'ingegneria); (mil.) fortificazioni: public works, opere di pubblica utilità; lavori pubblici; defensive works, opere di difesa; DIALOGO → - Being late- There are road works on the M1 and it's reduced to one lane, ci sono dei lavori sulla M1 e la strada è ridotta a una corsia

6 [u] (fis.) lavoro: to convert energy into work, convertire energia in lavoro

7 (mecc., ind., = workpiece) pezzo (da lavorare): to true up the work, centrare il pezzo

8 (pl.) (fam.; = the full works, the whole work) tutto quanto; armi e bagagli; ogni cosa; ( di cibo) un po' di tutto; il menu completo

9 (pl.) ( slang) tutto l'armamentario (o l'attrezzatura) che serve per drogarsi

● work area, zona lavoro □ (econ.) work by the day, lavoro a giornata; lavoro in economia □ (org. az.) works committee, commissione mista □ (ind.) work cycle, ciclo di lavorazione □ (econ.) work experience, esperienza di lavoro; esperienza professionale □ ( anche comput.) work group, gruppo di lavoro □ work-horse ► workhorse □ (org. az.) work hour, ora lavorativa □ work in hand (o in progress), lavoro in corso □ (sociol.) work-life balance, equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata; equilibrio vita-lavoro □ (org. az.) work order, ordine (o buono) di lavorazione; commessa □ (leg.) work permit, permesso di lavoro □ work rate, quantità di lavoro; ( sport) mole di gioco svolto □ (econ.) work relief, sostegno all'occupazione □ work sheet, ► worksheet □ (cronot.) work standard, norma □ work station ► workstation □ (econ.) work stoppage, interruzione del lavoro □ (ind.) work study, studio dell'organizzazione del lavoro □ ( USA) work-study scholarship, borsa di studio con lavoro part-time □ work ticket = work order ► sopra □ all in the day's work, tutto regolare; roba d'ordinaria amministrazione □ at work, al lavoro, sul lavoro: safety at work, la sicurezza sul lavoro □ to be at the works, essere in fabbrica; essere in officina □ to be at work upon st., lavorare a qc.; essere occupato a fare qc. □ to have a hand in the work, avere le mani in pasta □ (fam.) to have one's work cut out, avere a mano un lavoro difficile; avere un bel da fare □ Keep up the good work!, bravo! continua così! □ to make short (o quick) work of, sbrigarsi a; sbarazzarsi di, far piazza pulita di: You have made short work of cleaning up the garden, ti sei sbrigato a pulire il giardino; I have made short work of him, mi sono sbarazzato di lui □ to set (o to get) to work, mettersi al lavoro; mettersi all'opera □ sexual discrimination at work, discriminazione sul lavoro in base al sesso; diversità di trattamento fra lavoratori e lavoratrici □ I have done a good day's work, ho fatto un bel po' di lavoro, oggi □ My work is in civil engineering (o as a civil engineer), faccio (di professione) l'ingegnere (civile) □ (prov.) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, il troppo lavoro rende noiosi.
NOTA D'USO: - work o job?- ♦ (to) work /wɜ:k/
(pass. e p. p. worked, talora wrought)

A v. i.

1 lavorare; operare; fare un lavoro: I've been working all day, è tutto il giorno che lavoro; He isn't working at present, non sta lavorando ora; ( anche) al momento è senza lavoro (o è disoccupato); to work hard, lavorar sodo; to work alongside sb., lavorare a fianco di q.; The new cook works well, il nuovo cuoco fa bene il suo lavoro; He was given the Nobel Prize because he had worked so hard for peace, ha ricevuto il premio Nobel per aver tanto operato per la pace; DIALOGO → - Asking about routine 1- Where do you work?, dove lavori?

2 funzionare ( anche fig.); fare effetto; essere efficace; andare: to work on electricity, funzionare (o andare) con la corrente (elettrica); DIALOGO → - Power cut- The fridge has stopped working, il frigo ha smesso di funzionare; I don't think your idea will work, non credo che la tua idea funzionerà; The remedy didn't work, il rimedio non ha funzionato; The plan worked very well, il piano ha avuto un buon esito

3 penetrare (con difficoltà): The worm worked ( its way) into the wood, il tarlo è penetrato nel legno

4 lavorarsi, manipolarsi ( bene, male, ecc.): This clay works easily, quest'argilla si manipola bene

5 (fig.) maturare; fermentare: Let the idea work in your mind, lascia che l'idea ti fermenti in testa

6 contrarsi; distorcersi: Mr Hyde's features began to work in an awful manner, i lineamenti di Mr Hyde cominciarono a distorcersi in modo orrendo

7 (naut.) manovrare a fatica

8 (mecc., naut.) allentarsi; allascarsi; avere gioco

9 (tecn.: del malto, ecc.) fermentare

10 (naut.: di una nave) faticare; travagliare

11 (naut.) bordeggiare; navigare controvento

B v. t.

1 lavorare; foggiare; plasmare; manipolare: to work the soil, lavorare la terra; ( cucina) to work butter [dough] well, lavorar bene il burro [la pasta]; to work clay, manipolare l'argilla; to work iron, foggiare il ferro

2 far lavorare: He works his players hard [non stop], fa lavorare sodo [senza tregua] i suoi giocatori

3 far funzionare; azionare; manovrare; condurre: to work a machine, far funzionare una macchina; to be worked by electricity, essere azionato dall'elettricità; andare con la corrente (elettrica); to work an engine, manovrare una locomotiva; He worked the train from London to Liverpool, condusse il treno (fece da macchinista sul treno) da Londra a Liverpool

4 (tecn.) comandare: This gadget works the whole burglar-alarm, questo aggeggio comanda l'intero antifurto

5 operare; causare; produrre; provocare; compiere; esercitare; fare: Automation has worked ( o wrought) many changes in the car industry, l'automazione ha operato molti cambiamenti nell'industria automobilistica; The storm worked great ruin, la tempesta ha causato gravi danni; to work mischief, provocare (o fare) danni

6 (org. az.) dirigere; essere a capo di

7 (tecn.) dare per fermentazione: Yeast works beer, il lievito per fermentazione dà la birra

8 (econ.) sfruttare, coltivare ( una miniera): to work a coal mine, sfruttare una miniera di carbone

9 operare, ricamare; fare ( cucendo o ricamando): to work one's initials on the linen, ricamare le proprie iniziali sulla biancheria

10 esercitare un influsso su (q.); convincere; indurre; persuadere: You should work him to your way of thinking, dovresti indurlo a condividere il tuo modo di vedere

11 (fam.) sistemare; arrangiare (fam.); fare in modo: I'll work it so that you can come as well, farò in modo che anche tu possa venire; How did she work it?, come c'è riuscita?

12 ( USA) fare ( un'operazione aritmetica); risolvere ( un problema); trovare, calcolare ( un risultato)

13 ( sport: calcio, ecc.) lavorare, manovrare ( il pallone)

14 (naut.) manovrare ( una barca)

15 (fam.) lavorarsi, manipolare, sfruttare (q.)

● (comput.) to work at a distance, lavorare a distanza □ ( di un oratore, ecc.) to work the audience into enthusiasm, sollevare l'entusiasmo del pubblico □ ( di un principio, ecc.) to work both ways, valere nei due sensi (o per tutti e due) □ to work closely with sb., lavorare in stretta collaborazione con q. □ (comm.: di un commesso viaggiatore) to work a district, lavorare in una zona, fare una zona □ to work double tides, fare in un giorno il lavoro di due □ ( sport) to work the edges, agire sugli spigoli ( degli sci); spigolare □ to work free, (riuscire a) liberare, sciogliere: to work one's hands free, liberarsi le mani □ (econ.) to work full-time, lavorare a tempo pieno □ to work like a beaver, lavorare come un mulo; lavorare per dieci □ to work like a dog, lavorare come un mulo □ (mecc.) to work loose, allentare; allentarsi: The nut of the bolt has worked loose, s'è allentato il dado del bullone □ to work nights, fare il turno di notte □ to work overtime, fare lavoro straordinario; fare lo straordinario □ to work part-time, lavorare a tempo parziale (o ridotto) □ to work one's passage ( on a ship), pagarsi la traversata (su una nave) lavorando a bordo □ (leg.) to work a patent, sfruttare un brevetto □ to work in shifts, lavorare a turni □ to work a typewriter, scrivere a macchina; fare il dattilografo □ to work one's way through the crowd, farsi largo a fatica tra la folla □ to work wonders, fare miracoli □ (autom.) «Men working» ( cartello), «lavori in corso» □ It worked like a charm, la cosa andò (o tutto filò) a meraviglia; funzionò come d'incanto.
NOTA D'USO: - to work for o to work at?-

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ work
13 Belling, Charles Reginald

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors

[br]

b. 11 May 1884 Bodmin, Cornwall, England

d. 8 February 1965 while on a cruise

[br]

English electrical engineer best known as the pioneer of the wire-wound clay-former heating element which made possible the efficient domestic electric fire.

[br]

Belling was educated at Burts Grammar School in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and at Crossley Schools in Halifax, Yorkshire. In 1903 he was apprenticed to Crompton \& Co. at Chelmsford in Essex, the firm that in 1894 offered for sale the earliest electric heaters. These electric radiant panels were intended as heating radiators or cooking hotplates, but were not very successful because, being cast-iron panels into which heating wires had been embedded in enamel, they tended to fracture due to the different rates of thermal expansion of the iron and the enamel. Other designs of electric heaters followed, notably the introduction of large, sausage-shaped carbon filament bulbs fitted into a fire frame and backed by reflectors. This was the idea of H. Dowsing, a collaborator of Crompton, in 1904.

After qualifying in 1906, Belling left Crompton \& Co. and went to work for Ediswan at Ponders End in Hertfordshire. He left in 1912 to set up his own business, which he began in a small shed in Enfield. With a small staff and capital of £450, he took out his first patent for his wire-wound-former electric fire in the same year. The resistance wire, made from nickel-chrome alloy such as that patented in 1906 by A.L. Marsh, was coiled round a clay former. Six such bars were attached to a cast-iron frame with heating control knobs, and the device was marketed as the Standard Belling Fire. Advertised in 1912, the fire was an immediate success and was followed by many other variations. Improvements to the first model included wire safety guards, enamel finishes and a frame ornamented with copper and brass.

Belling turned his attention to hotplates, cookers, immersion heaters, electric irons, water urns and kettles, producing the Modernette Cooker (1919), the multi-parabola fire bar (1921), the plate and dish warmer (1924), the storage heater (1926) and the famous Baby Belling cookers, the first of which appeared in 1929. By 1955 business had developed so well that Belling opened another factory at Burnley, Lancashire. He partly underwrote, for the amount of £1 million, a proposed scientific technical college for the electrical industry at Enfield.

[br]

Further Reading

1985, Dictionary of Business Biography, Butterworth.

G.Jukes, 1963, The Story of Belling, Belling and Co. Ltd (produced by the company in its Golden Jubilee year).

DY

Biographical history of technology > Belling, Charles Reginald
14 Frost, James

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. late 18th century Finchley (?), London, England

d. mid-19th century probably New York, USA

[br]

English contributor to investigations into the making of hydraulic cements in the early nineteenth century.

[br]

As early as 1807 Frost, who was originally a builder and bricklayer in Finchley in north London, was manufacturing Roman Cement, patented by James Parker in 1796, in the Harwich area and a similar cement further south, at Sheerness. In the early 1820s Frost visited Louis J.Vicat (1796–1861) in France. Vicat was a French engineer who began in 1812 a detailed investigation into the properties of various limestones found in France. He later published his conclusions, which were that the best hydraulic lime was that produced from limestone containing clay incorporating silica and alumina. He experimented with adding different clays in varying proportions to slaked lime and calcined the mixture. Benefiting from Vicat's research, Frost obtained a patent in 1822 for what he called British Cement. This patent specified an artificial cement made from limestone and silica, and he calcined chalk with the clay to produce a quick-setting product. This was made at Swanscombe near Northfleet on the south bank of the River Thames. In 1833 the Swanscombe manufactory was purchased by Francis \& White for £3,500 and Frost emigrated to America, setting up practice as a civil engineer in New York. The cement was utilized by Sir Marc Brunel in 1835 in his construction of the Thames Tunnel, and at the same time it was used in building the first all-concrete house at Swanscombe for Mr White.

[br]

Further Reading

A.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles. C.C.Stanley, 1979, Highlights in the History of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Frost, James
15 Johnson, Isaac Charles

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 28 January 1811 Vauxhall, London, England

d. 29 November 1911 Gravesend (?), Kent, England

[br]

English contributor to the development of efficient hydraulic cements.

[br]

As a young man Johnson studied both chemistry and physics and gained some experience in the manufacture of cement before joining the firm of John Bazely White as Works Manager at Swanscombe in Kent in 1838. He spent some years investigating the production processes and left the firm to set up on his own in 1851 on the Limehouse Reach of the River Medway, moving later to Gateshead on the River Tyne. Johnson produced a cement that was a great improvement on that of Parker and of Frost: like William Aspdin (see Aspdin, Joseph), he made a true Portland cement by mixing chalk, clay and water, and then clinkering the mixture. He used local clay at Gateshead and had the chalk shipped from the Thames area. In 1872 Johnson patented an improved bottle kiln, called the Johnson Chamber Kiln; it was of horizontal design, which speeded up manufacturing processes.

[br]

Further Reading

A.J.Francis, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Johnson, Isaac Charles
16 Aspdin, Joseph

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 1778 Leeds, England

d. 20 March 1855 Wakefield (?), England

[br]

English pioneer in the development of the cement industry.

[br]

Joseph Aspdin was the eldest of the six children of Thomas Aspdin, a bricklayer. He became interested in making advanced cements for rendering brickwork and, on 21 October 1824, patented a calcined mixture of limestone, clay and water that he called Portland Cement because he thought it resembled Portland Stone in colour.

Aspdin established his first cement works at Kirkgate in Wakefield in 1825: this was demolished in 1838 due to railway development, and a new works was established in the town in 1843. A year later Joseph Aspdin retired and handed the business over to his elder son James. Meanwhile, William, a younger son of Joseph, had also entered the business of manufacturing cement. Born in Leeds on 23 September 1815, he joined his father's firm at the age of 14, but left in 1841 to set up his own firm at Rotherhithe, London. There he manufactured an improved cement that was better and stronger than Parker's Roman Cement, probably because it contained a higher proportion of clinkered material. Further improvements were made during the following years and new factories were established, first at Northfleet in Kent and later at Gateshead on the south bank of the River Tyne (1853). It is interesting that Sir Marc Brunel later preferred to use William Aspdin's cement in the Thames railway tunnel construction because of its greater strength (see Frost). William Aspdin died at Itzehoe in Germany in 1864.

[br]

Further Reading

A.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Aspdin, Joseph
17 Lucas, Anthony Francis

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 9 September 1855 Spalato, Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary (now Split, Croatia)

d. 2 September 1921 Washington, DC, USA

[br]

Austrian (naturalized American) mining engineer who successfully applied rotary drilling to oil extraction.

[br]

A former Second Lieutenant of the Austrian navy (hence his later nickname "Captain") and graduate of the Polytechnic Institute of Graz, Lucas decided to stay in Michigan when he visited his relatives in 1879. He changed his original name, Lucie, into the form his uncle had adopted and became a naturalized American citizen at the age of 30. He worked in the lumber industry for some years and then became a consulting mechanical and mining engineer in Washington, DC. He began working for a salt-mining company in Louisiana in 1893 and became interested in the geology of the Mexican Gulf region, with a view to prospecting for petroleum. In the course of this work he came to the conclusion that the hills in this elevated area, being geological structures distinct from the surrounding deposits, were natural reservoirs of petroleum. To prove his unusual theory he subsequently chose Spindle Top, near Beaumont, Texas, where in 1899 he began to bore a first oil-well. A second drill-hole, started in October 1900, was put through clay and quicksand. After many difficulties, a layer of rock containing marine shells was reached. When the "gusher" came out on 10 January 1901, it not only opened up a new era in the oil and gas business, but it also led to the future exploration of the terrestrial crust.

Lucas's boring was a breakthrough for the rotary drilling system, which was still in its early days although its principles had been established by the English engineer Robert Beart in his patent of 1884. It proved to have advantages over the pile-driving of pipes. A pipe with a simple cutter at the lower end was driven with a constantly revolving motion, grinding down on the bottom of the well, thus gouging and chipping its way downward. To deal with the quicksand he adopted the use of large and heavy casings successively telescoped one into the other. According to Fauvelle's method, water was forced through the pipe by means of a pump, so the well was kept full of circulating liquid during drilling, flushing up the mud. When the salt-rock was reached, a diamond drill was used to test the depth and the character of the deposit.

When the well blew out and flowed freely he developed a preventer in order to save the oil and, even more importantly at the time, to shut the well and to control the oil flow. This assembly, patented in 1903, consisted of a combined system of pipes, valves and casings diverting the stream into a horizontal direction.

Lucas's fame spread around the world, but as he had to relinquish the larger part of his interest to the oil company supporting the exploration, his financial reward was poor. One year after his success at Spindle Top he started oil exploration in Mexico, where he stayed until 1905, when he resumed his consulting practice in Washington, DC.

[br]

Bibliography

1899, "Rock-salt in Louisiana", Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 29:462–74.

1902, "The great oil-well near Beaumont, Texas", Transactions of the American

Institution of Mining Engineers 31:362–74.

Further Reading

R.S.McBeth, 1918, Pioneering the Gulf Coast, New York (a very detailed description of Lucas's important accomplishments in the development of the oil industry).

R.T.Hill, 1903, "The Beaumont oil-field, with notes on other oil-fields of the Texas region", Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 33:363–405;

Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 55:421–3 (contain shorter biographical notes).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Lucas, Anthony Francis
18 Parker, James

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

fl. 1790s Northfleet, Kent, England

[br]

English patentee of Roman Cement.

[br]

James Parker was a vicar at Northfleet in Kent. In experiments of an almost accidental nature he calcined some nodules of clay found on the beach on the Isle of Sheppey. From these he developed a cement which he called Roman, because he believed that this was the type of material the Romans made in ancient times, and which proved to be the basis of the cement industry in Britain, Parker's cement was better than any other so far produced, and was suited to engineering and architectural uses.

[br]

Bibliography

27 July 1796, British patent no. 2,120 (Roman Cement).

Further Reading

A.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Parker, James
19 model

1. [mɒdl] n
1. модель, макет

working model - действующая модель

a model of a monument [bridge] - макет памятника [моста]

plane [yacht] model - модель самолёта [яхты]

2. 1) модель, образец; слепок, шаблон

constructed after model - сконструировано по образцу /по шаблону/

he made each box on the model of the first - он сделал все коробки по образцу первой

2) модель, фасон

the latest Paris models - новейшие /последние/ парижские модели

model frock [hat] - модель платья [шляпы]

3) образец

a model of virtue [perfection, industry] - образец добродетели [совершенства, усердия]

on the model of smb., smth. - по образцу /по примеру/ кого-л., чего-л.

to take smb. as one's model - взять кого-л. за образец

model behaviour - образцовое /примерное/ поведение

model farm - образцовая ферма

model husband - идеальный муж

3. модель, тип, марка конструкции

the latest [last year's] models of cars - последние [прошлогодние] модели автомобилей

a sports model - спортивная модель ( автомобиля)

4. диал. точная копия

she is a perfect /the very/ model of her mother - она точная копия своей матери

5. 1) натурщик; натурщица

I worked as a photographer's model - меня снимали для журнала, я работала фотомоделью

2) манекенщица ( для демонстрации моделей одежды); манекенщик (тж. male model)

3) манекен

6. эвф. проститутка, приходящая по вызову
2. [mɒdl] v
1. делать, создавать модель или макет; моделировать; лепить

to model ships - делать модели кораблей

to model dresses - работать модельером, создавать модели /фасоны/ платьев

to model smth. in clay - вылепить что-л. из глины

he model led her head in wax - он сделал восковую модель её головы

2. тех. формовать

3. делать, создавать по образцу; следовать образцу

his work is model led on /upon, after/ the Spanish - в своих произведениях он использовал испанские образцы; в своих произведениях он следовал /подражал/ испанским образцам

to model oneself [one's behaviour /conduct/] on /upon, after/ smb. - подражать кому-л., брать пример с кого-л. (в своём поведении)

he model led his behaviour on that of his father - в своём поведении он подражал отцу /следовал примеру отца/

4. 1) быть натурщиком, натурщицей, живой моделью

2) быть манекенщицей

she models for a living - она работает манекенщицей, она зарабатывает на жизнь, демонстрируя модели одежды

she model led dresses - она демонстрировала платья

НБАРС > model
20 plastic

1. [ʹplæstık] n
1. часто pl пластик; пластмасса

foam plastic - пенопласт

laminated plastic - слоистый пластик

vinyl plastic - винилит, виниловый пластик

the plastics industry - промышленность по производству пластических масс

2. (the plastic) пластика

3. фин. жарг. кредитная карточка, банковская карточка
2. [ʹplæstık] a
1. 1) пластичный; поддающийся лепке, формовке

plastic clay - пластичная /горшечная/ глина, суглинок

plastic material /substance/ - пластичный материал [см. тж. 1, 3)]

2) послушный, податливый

plastic nature - податливая натура

plastic mind - гибкий /восприимчивый/ ум

3) тех. пластичный, пластический

plastic material - пластмасса [см. тж. I, 1)]

plastic flow /deformation/ - пластическая деформация

4) придающий форму, формообразующий

plastic forces in nature - силы природы, постоянно изменяющие лицо планеты

2. лепной, скульптурный

plastic images - скульптурные изображения /портреты/

3. пластический

plastic art(s) - искусство ваяния, пластическое искусство; скульптура

a great plastic artist - великий ваятель

plastic means - иск. пластические средства

4. мед. пластический, восстановительный

plastic surgery - восстановительная /пластическая/ хирургия

5. пластмассовый; сделанный из пластика; пластиковый

plastic tablecloth - полиэтиленовая скатерть

plastic cup [bottle] - пластмассовая чашка [бутылка]

6. синтетический, искусственный

plastic food - искусственные /синтетические/ пищевые продукты

7. поддельный; деланный, неискренний; ненатуральный, неестественный

plastic living - жизнь, основанная на лжи

НБАРС > plastic

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